Vietnam+Study+Guide

Use your Outline of the Cold War, Textbook Reading Support Handout, your History Notebook, your textbooks and any other resources available to answer the following questions.
 * __ Official Study Guide for Cold War Exam: Tuesday February 9th – Wednesday February 10th __**

Suggestions: A. Identify the questions that you do not yet know and make Flash Cards for each. B. The questions are organized by presidential administrations. You might consider learning all the answer for each president and then move on to the next. C. Look over the Challenge Questions at the end of this study guide. Honors students are required to study these. Non-Honors students are challenged to study them. __President Harry S. Truman (1945 to 1953__) 1. During the early years of the Cold War, America’s policy was to resist the spread of communism. What is the term that describes this policy? 2. What geographic part of Europe came under the control/influence of the communist Soviet Union during and after World War II? 3. What event signaled the beginning of the Korean War? 4. What is the name of the competitive buildup of weapons by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War? 5. How did Western leaders respond after the Soviets blocked off West Berlin in June of 1948? 6. What German city was isolated by the Soviet Union after World War II until American bombers airlifted supplies into this “free” area? 7. What nation on the Korean Peninsula has been an ally of the West since the middle of the twentieth century? 8. What extremely popular American World War II hero was fired by President Harry S. Truman during the Korean War? 9. What large communist nation bordering North Korea provided aid to the North Koreans as they battled UN forces in the early 1950’s? 10. In September of 1950, what communist nation controlled almost all of the Korean Peninsula? 11. What is the name of the military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations during the Cold War? 12. What term describes America’s policy to use military and non-military ways to prevent communism from spreading around the world? 13. A massive $13 billion program of economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after World War II was known as what? 14. A meeting of the leaders of the “free” world in 1944 resulted in a decision to bring economic order to currencies and trade among nations. What is the name of this meeting that created the International Monetary Fund, which is currently part of the World Bank? 15. What World War II American military hero carried out the daring invasion of Inchon during the Korean War? 16. General Douglas MacArthur was prepared to use dozens of atom bombs during the Korean War. He also spoke out openly against his commander, who favored a less aggressive approach. Who fired MacArthur over this disagreement and MacArthur’s public comments about it? 17. What is the name of the military alliance that the United States joined after World War II? 18. What image was used by Winston Churchill to describe the sharp division of Europe following World War II? 19. To stop the spread of communism into Turkey and Greece in the years following World War II, President Harry S. Truman pledged American economic and military aid. What is the name of the pledge? 20. What does NATO stand for? 21. Where was the beach landing that brought in additional United Nations forces to reclaim the Korean Peninsula in September of 1950?

__ President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 to 1961) __ 22. What term describes Senator Joe McCarthy’s use of unproven charges, often accusations of affiliation with communism, against his political opponents? 23. What is the term which describes the widespread fear that communists might be trying to take over the US government? 24. In the early 1960’s, what was the belief that if one southeast Asian nation (Vietnam) fell to communism, other nations of the region would fall to communism, also? 25. Who was Director of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) during the 1950’s? 26. What social and economic system called for workers of the world to rise up against the owners of industry (the capitalists)? 27. What World War II hero was president of the US throughout much of the 1950’s? 28. From the late 1800’s, until the 1950’s, what European nation controlled much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam? 29. What American Senator led the effort to expose Communists in the American film industry in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, accusing many innocent people along the way? 30. Who was the Vietnamese communist leader that defeated the French in 1954? 31. What is the name of the rebel leader that overthrew Cuba’s dictator in 1959? 32. Ho Chi Minh and his forces fought and finally defeated the French what 1954 battle? 33. While the United States fought in support of South Vietnam, many South Vietnamese supported the communists in the north. What is the name of this enemy who the US military referred to as “Victor Charlie” ? 34. Who became the leader of South Vietnam in 1955 and gained the support of America? 35. Along what line of latitude is the Armistice line of the Korean War established in July of 1953? 36. As part of the Red Scare, what American couple was tried, convicted and then executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviet Union? 37. The House of Representatives investigated accusations of communist infiltration of the American film industry in the late 1940s. As a result of these investigations by HUAC (the House Committee on Un-American Activities), many Hollywood actors, directors and writers were unable to find work. What is it called when someone is put on a “list” like this so that it becomes very difficult to find work? 38. Alger Hiss, a State Department official who had helped form the United Nations, was accused by HUAC. What was the accusation? 39. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, what American president first sent military advisers to support South Vietnam’s fight against communism? 40. What east European nation’s people rebelled against their communist government in 1956, only to see the Soviet Union send in the military to stop the uprising? 41. What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into orbit by the Soviet Union in 1957? 42. In his farewell address to the nation in January of 1961, Dwight Eisenhower referred to relationship between governments and their militaries and the businesses that supply them weapons. How did “Ike” describe this relationship?

__ President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) __ 43. What is the name of the American and Soviet standoff that brought the two countries to the brink of nuclear war in 1962? 44. What is the name of the rebel leader that overthrew Cuba’s dictator in 1959? 45. What is the name of the failed American effort to start an uprising against Fidel Castro in 1961? 46. What German barrier, making it more difficult for East Europeans to find freedom in the West, became an enduring symbol of the ideological divisions of the Cold War? 47. What is the name of the first person to orbit the Earth in 1961? 48. What is the name of the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962? 49. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962? 50. What secret American agency trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro in what turned out to be the failed Bay of Pigs invasion? 51. Of all the possible choices John F. Kennedy had in October 1962, what action did he take to force the Soviet Union to remove its missiles from Cuba? 52. What series of events is typically viewed as the closest the world has come to all-out nuclear war? 53. Often referred to as “MAD”, what is the military doctrine that expresses the belief that an all-out nuclear war would result in complete annihilation of both sides? 54. What is the military strategy that justifies a huge build-up of nuclear weapons so an enemy would not dare attack? 55. What technological achievement did JFK commit the nation to, a goal that was reached in July 1969? 56. In November of 1963, Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated after a coup d'état in what Southeast Asian nation? 57. After learning that the South Vietnamese army was planning to overthrow the South Vietnamese government in 1963, what did the American government do? 58. In protest of Ngo Dinh Diem’s oppression of Buddhists in 1963 South Vietnam, what did Buddhist monk [|Thích Quảng Đức] do in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection with TV cameras rolling? 59. During the Kennedy administration, American involvement in Vietnam increased to 16,000 military “advisers”, many of which belonged to the Special Forces. Identified by their distinctive headgear, what is the name for these US Army Special Forces? 60. In order to slow down the nuclear arms race, and limit amount of radioactive fallout released in the atmosphere, the USA led by John F. Kennedy and the United Kingdom, signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with what Cold War adversary?

__ President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) __ 61. What is the name of the resolution signed in 1964, following an alleged attack on American destroyers near North Vietnam, that gave President Johnson authority to use more American forces in Vietnam? 62. In January 1968, the Vietcong launched surprise attacks on cities throughout South Vietnam including a guerilla raid on the US embassy in Saigon. What is the name of this “turning point” in the war? 63. In 1969, at the peak of American involvement, approximately how many American troops were in Vietnam (“in country”)? 64. Near the DMZ, a large air base was used by the United States to launch many of the massive bombing raids over North Vietnamese targets. What is the name of this air base? 65. Raising questions of morality during war time, Lt. William Calley was convicted of crimes committed while serving in Vietnam. What is the name of the March 1968 event in which hundreds of women, children, infant and elderly Vietnamese civilians were killed? 66. Lyndon B. Johnson’s proposed many social programs, including a “war on poverty”. Much of what he hoped for did not happen because of Vietnam. What is the name for this collection of social programs that got “lost in the jungles of Vietnam”? 67. In 1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops including 2000 tanks (sent by the Soviet Union) entered Czechoslovakia to put down an effort to liberalize and reform the country towards more individual freedom and democracy. What is the name of this effort to reform an Eastern Bloc country?

__ President Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) __ 68. During the 1970s, SALT treaties between the US and USSR were signed that limited the growth of nuclear weapons. What does SALT stand for? 69. During President Nixon’s term in office he began to cut back the number of American troops in Vietnam, encouraging South Vietnamese to take a more active role in fighting. What was this plan called? 70. In 1969, President Richard Nixon decided to bomb communist bases in a country, bordering South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese were using this country as a supply route to the south. What is the name of this country whose capital is Phnom Penh? 71. Four college students were killed by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970 during an antiwar protest. What is the name of the Ohio college where this tragedy took place? 72. What is the term that illustrates Nixon’s attempts at relaxing, or easing, international tensions? 73. At the end of the Vietnam War 1.5 million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians were killed. How many U.S. military personnel were killed? 74. In February of 1972, what US president was the first to visit Red China (communist China)? 75. Shortly after visiting with Mao Zedong on his 1972 visit to Asia, Richard Nixon then, in May of 1972, visited with Leonid Brezhnev in what country? 76. In 1971, an athletic team from the United States was invited by their Chinese counterparts to participate in a demonstration competition. What sport did these athletes play as they opened the way to improved Chinese-US (Sino-American) relations?

FINAL PAGE OF STUDY GUIDE FOR COLD WAR EXAM COLD WAR GEOGRAPHY Using a variety of maps, you must be able to locate the following:

USA Nicaragua South Korea Vietnam Germany Russia Iran Turkey  Afghanistan Yemen North Korea Cuba China Cambodia Laos Moscow, Russia Washington, DC Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Hanoi, Vietnam Berlin, Germany Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Incheon Metropolitan City

Gulf of Tonkin North Atlantic Ocean Mekong River Korean Peninsula Mekong River Delta

Kent State University, Ohio

HONORS / CHALLENGE QUESTIONS* *//The rest of this Study Guide is required material for CK History 8 Honors students. Non-Honors students will not be required to and is a challenge to non-Honors students. You will be asked questions that measure your understanding of the following://

__ HONORS CHALLENGE #1 – THE LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR __ Many historians agree that one of President Eisenhower’s greatest accomplishments was staying out of Vietnam in the face of intense pressure from his closest advisers to get more involved. Consider the following quotes that illustrate Eisenhower’s reasoning for staying out of Vietnam… “I’m convinced that no military victory is possible in that kind of theater.” -Dwight Eisenhower, 1951 “The jungles of Indochina would have swallowed up division after division of United States troops, who, unaccustomed to this kind of warfare, would have sustained heavy causalities until they had learned to live in a new environment. Furthermore, the presence of ever more numbers of white men in uniform probably would have aggravated rather than assuaged Asiatic resentments.” - former President Eisenhower, 1963 Using what you have read and learned about the Vietnam War, be prepared to either defend or criticize President Eisenhower’s reasoning for not entering into a war in Vietnam. In doing this, consider how and why America actually involved itself in the war in Vietnam. Also, be prepared to appropriately refer to the key people, places and vocabulary surrounding the analysis of this war.

__ HONORS CHALLENGE #2 – THE COLD WAR AS A WAR OF IDEAS __ During the Cold War Era the U.S. and the Soviet Union never directly waged war on each other. Nonetheless, the Cold War between the two superpowers affected societies around the world. Beyond the real and bloody struggles that were fought around the world, how was the Cold War actually a conflict between different ideological world views?

__ ANSWERS TO THE STUDY GUIDE __
__President Harry S. Truman (1945 to 1953__) 1. During the early years of the Cold War, America’s policy was to resist the spread of communism. What is the term that describes this policy? CONTAINMENT 2. What geographic part of Europe came under the control/influence of the communist Soviet Union during and after World War II? EASTERN EUROPE 3. What event signaled the beginning of the Korean War? NORTH KOREA INVADED SOUTH KOREA 4. What is the name of the competitive buildup of weapons by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War? ARMS RACE 5. How did Western leaders respond after the Soviets blocked off West Berlin in June of 1948? BERLIN AIRLIFT 6. What German city was isolated by the Soviet Union after World War II until American bombers airlifted supplies into this “free” area? WEST BERLIN 7. What nation on the Korean Peninsula has been an ally of the West since the middle of the twentieth century? SOUTH KOREA 8. What extremely popular American World War II hero was fired by President Harry S. Truman during the Korean War? GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR 9. What large communist nation bordering North Korea provided aid to the North Koreans as they battled UN forces in the early 1950’s? CHINA 10. In September of 1950, what communist nation controlled almost all of the Korean Peninsula? NORTH KOREA 11. What is the name of the military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations during the Cold War? WARSAW PACT 12. What term describes America’s policy to use military and non-military ways to prevent communism from spreading around the world? CONTAINMENT 13. A massive $13 billion program of economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after World War II was known as what? MARSHALL PLAN 14. A meeting of the leaders of the “free” world in 1944 resulted in a decision to bring economic order to currencies and trade among nations. What is the name of this meeting that created the International Monetary Fund, which is currently part of the World Bank? BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE 15. What World War II American military hero carried out the daring invasion of Inchon during the Korean War? GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR 16. General Douglas MacArthur was prepared to use dozens of atom bombs during the Korean War. He also spoke out openly against his commander, who favored a less aggressive approach. Who fired MacArthur over this disagreement and MacArthur’s public comments about it? HARRY TRUMAN 17. What is the name of the military alliance that the United States joined after World War II? NATO 18. What image was used by Winston Churchill to describe the sharp division of Europe following World War II? IRON CURTAIN 19. To stop the spread of communism into Turkey and Greece in the years following World War II, President Harry S. Truman pledged American economic and military aid. What is the name of the pledge? TRUMAN DOCTRINE 20. What does NATO stand for? NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION 21. Where was the beach landing that brought in additional United Nations forces to reclaim the Korean Peninsula in September of 1950? INCHON __ President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 to 1961) __ 22. What term describes Senator Joe McCarthy’s use of unproven charges, often accusations of affiliation with communism, against his political opponents? MCCARTHYISM 23. What is the term which describes the widespread fear that communists might be trying to take over the US government? RED SCARE 24. In the early 1960’s, what was the belief that if one southeast Asian nation (Vietnam) fell to communism, other nations of the region would fall to communism, also? DOMINO THEORY 25. Who was Director of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) during the 1950’s? J. EDGAR HOOVER 26. What social and economic system called for workers of the world to rise up against the owners of industry (the capitalists)? COMMUNISM 27. What World War II hero was president of the US throughout much of the 1950’s? DWIGHT EISENHOWER 28. From the late 1800’s, until the 1950’s, what European nation controlled much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam? FRANCE 29. What American Senator led the effort to expose Communists in the American film industry in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, accusing many innocent people along the way? MCCARTHY 30. Who was the Vietnamese communist leader that defeated the French in 1954? HO CHI MINH 31. What is the name of the rebel leader that overthrew Cuba’s dictator in 1959? FIDEL CASTRO 32. Ho Chi Minh and his forces fought and finally defeated the French what 1954 battle? DIEN BIEN PHU 33. While the United States fought in support of South Vietnam, many South Vietnamese supported the communists in the north. What is the name of this enemy who the US military referred to as “Victor Charlie” ? VIET CONG 34. Who became the leader of South Vietnam in 1955 and gained the support of America? NGO DINH DIEM 35. Along what line of latitude is the Armistice line of the Korean War established in July of 1953? 38TH PARALLEL 36. As part of the Red Scare, what American couple was tried, convicted and then executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviet Union? ROSENBERGS 37. The House of Representatives investigated accusations of communist infiltration of the American film industry in the late 1940s. As a result of these investigations by HUAC (the House Committee on Un-American Activities), many Hollywood actors, directors and writers were unable to find work. What is it called when someone is put on a “list” like this so that it becomes very difficult to find work? BLACKLIST 38. Alger Hiss, a State Department official who had helped form the United Nations, was accused by HUAC. What was the accusation? BEING COMMUNIST 39. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, what American president first sent military advisers to support South Vietnam’s fight against communism? DWIGHT EISENHOWER 40. What east European nation’s people rebelled against their communist government in 1956, only to see the Soviet Union send in the military to stop the uprising? HUNGARY 41. What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into orbit by the Soviet Union in 1957? SPUTNIK 42. In his farewell address to the nation in January of 1961, Dwight Eisenhower referred to relationship between governments and their militaries and the businesses that supply them weapons. How did “Ike” describe this relationship? MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX __ President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) __ 43. What is the name of the American and Soviet standoff that brought the two countries to the brink of nuclear war in 1962? CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 44. What is the name of the rebel leader that overthrew Cuba’s dictator in 1959? FIDEL CASTRO 45. What is the name of the failed American effort to start an uprising against Fidel Castro in 1961? BAY OF PIGS INVASION 46. What German barrier, making it more difficult for East Europeans to find freedom in the West, became an enduring symbol of the ideological divisions of the Cold War? BERLIN WALL 47. What is the name of the first person to orbit the Earth in 1961? YURI GAGARIN 48. What is the name of the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962? JOHN GLENN 49. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962? KHRUSHCHEV 50. What secret American agency trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro in what turned out to be the failed Bay of Pigs invasion? CIA 51. Of all the possible choices John F. Kennedy had in October 1962, what action did he take to force the Soviet Union to remove its missiles from Cuba? QUARANTINE 52. What series of events is typically viewed as the closest the world has come to all-out nuclear war? CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 53. Often referred to as “MAD”, what is the military doctrine that expresses the belief that an all-out nuclear war would result in complete annihilation of both sides? MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION 54. What is the military strategy that justifies a huge build-up of nuclear weapons so an enemy would not dare attack? NUCLEAR DETERRENCE 55. What technological achievement did JFK commit the nation to, a goal that was reached in July 1969? PUTTING A MAN ON THE MOON 56. In November of 1963, Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated after a coup d'état in what Southeast Asian nation? SOUTH VIETNAM 57. After learning that the South Vietnamese army was planning to overthrow the South Vietnamese government in 1963, what did the American government do? AMERICA DID NOTHING 58. In protest of Ngo Dinh Diem’s oppression of Buddhists in 1963 South Vietnam, what did Buddhist monk [|Thích Quảng Đức] do in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection with TV cameras rolling? SET HIMSELF ON FIRE 59. During the Kennedy administration, American involvement in Vietnam increased to 16,000 military “advisers”, many of which belonged to the Special Forces. Identified by their distinctive headgear, what is the name for these US Army Special Forces? GREEN BERETS 60. In order to slow down the nuclear arms race, and limit amount of radioactive fallout released in the atmosphere, the USA led by John F. Kennedy and the United Kingdom, signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with what Cold War adversary? USSR __ President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) __ 61. What is the name of the resolution signed in 1964, following an alleged attack on American destroyers near North Vietnam, that gave President Johnson authority to use more American forces in Vietnam? GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION 62. In January 1968, the Vietcong launched surprise attacks on cities throughout South Vietnam including a guerilla raid on the US embassy in Saigon. What is the name of this “turning point” in the war? TET OFFENSIVE 63. In 1969, at the peak of American involvement, approximately how many American troops were in Vietnam (“in country”)? 543,000 (OVER HALF A MILLION0 64. Near the DMZ, a large air base was used by the United States to launch many of the massive bombing raids over North Vietnamese targets. What is the name of this air base? DA NANG  65. Raising questions of morality during war time, Lt. William Calley was convicted of crimes committed while serving in Vietnam. What is the name of the March 1968 event in which hundreds of women, children, infant and elderly Vietnamese civilians were killed? MY LAI MASSACRE  66. Lyndon B. Johnson’s proposed many social programs, including a “war on poverty”. Much of what he hoped for did not happen because of Vietnam. What is the name for this collection of social programs that got “lost in the jungles of Vietnam”? GREAT SOCIETY  67. In 1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops including 2000 tanks (sent by the Soviet Union) entered Czechoslovakia to put down an effort to liberalize and reform the country towards more individual freedom and democracy. What is the name of this effort to reform an Eastern Bloc country? PRAGUE SPRING __ President Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) __ 68. During the 1970s, SALT treaties between the US and USSR were signed that limited the growth of nuclear weapons. What does SALT stand for? STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TREATY 69. During President Nixon’s term in office he began to cut back the number of American troops in Vietnam, encouraging South Vietnamese to take a more active role in fighting. What was this plan called? VIETNAMIZATION 70. In 1969, President Richard Nixon decided to bomb communist bases in a country, bordering South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese were using this country as a supply route to the south. What is the name of this country whose capital is Phnom Penh? CAMBODIA 71. Four college students were killed by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970 during an antiwar protest. What is the name of the Ohio college where this tragedy took place? KENTS STATE UNIVERSITY 72. What is the term that illustrates Nixon’s attempts at relaxing, or easing, international tensions? DETENTE 73. At the end of the Vietnam War 1.5 million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians were killed. How many U.S. military personnel were killed? 58,000 74. In February of 1972, what US president was the first to visit Red China (communist China)? RICHARD NIXON 75. Shortly after visiting with Mao Zedong on his 1972 visit to Asia, Richard Nixon then, in May of 1972, visited with Leonid Brezhnev in what country? USSR 76. In 1971, an athletic team from the United States was invited by their Chinese counterparts to participate in a demonstration competition. What sport did these athletes play as they opened the way to improved Chinese-US (Sino-American) relations? PING PONG FINAL PAGE OF STUDY GUIDE FOR COLD WAR EXAM COLD WAR GEOGRAPHY Using a variety of maps, you must be able to locate the following: USA Nicaragua South Korea Vietnam Germany Russia Iran Turkey  Afghanistan Yemen North Korea Cuba China Cambodia Laos Moscow, Russia Washington, DC Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Hanoi, Vietnam Berlin, Germany Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Incheon Metropolitan City Gulf of Tonkin North Atlantic Ocean Mekong River Korean Peninsula Mekong River Delta Kent State University, Ohio HONORS / CHALLENGE QUESTIONS* *//The rest of this Study Guide is required material for CK History 8 Honors students. Non-Honors students will not be required to and is a challenge to non-Honors students. You will be asked questions that measure your understanding of the following:// __ HONORS CHALLENGE #1 – THE LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR __ Many historians agree that one of President Eisenhower’s greatest accomplishments was staying out of Vietnam in the face of intense pressure from his closest advisers to get more involved. Consider the following quotes that illustrate Eisenhower’s reasoning for staying out of Vietnam… “I’m convinced that no military victory is possible in that kind of theater.” -Dwight Eisenhower, 1951 “The jungles of Indochina would have swallowed up division after division of United States troops, who, unaccustomed to this kind of warfare, would have sustained heavy causalities until they had learned to live in a new environment. Furthermore, the presence of ever more numbers of white men in uniform probably would have aggravated rather than assuaged Asiatic resentments.” - former President Eisenhower, 1963 Using what you have read and learned about the Vietnam War, be prepared to either defend or criticize President Eisenhower’s reasoning for not entering into a war in Vietnam. In doing this, consider how and why America actually involved itself in the war in Vietnam. Also, be prepared to appropriately refer to the key people, places and vocabulary surrounding the analysis of this war. __ HONORS CHALLENGE #2 – THE COLD WAR AS A WAR OF IDEAS __ During the Cold War Era the U.S. and the Soviet Union never directly waged war on each other. Nonetheless, the Cold War between the two superpowers affected societies around the world. Beyond the real and bloody struggles that were fought around the world, how was the Cold War actually a conflict between different ideological world views?